Cimicoidea
| Cimicoidea | |
| Latreille, 1802 | |
.jpg) Orius insidiosus polujący na mączliki | |
 Pluskwa domowa na człowieku | |
| Systematyka | |
| Domena | |
|---|---|
| Królestwo | |
| Typ | |
| Gromada | |
| Rząd | |
| Podrząd | |
| Infrarząd | Cimicomorpha |
| (bez rangi) | Cimiciformes |
| Nadrodzina | Cimicoidea |
Cimicoidea – nadrodzina pluskwiaków z podrzędu różnoskrzydłych i infrarzędu Cimicomorpha.
Przedstawiciele Cimicoidea znani są od środkowej jury[1]. Gatunki współczesne obejmują polujące na drobne owady i roztocze drapieżniki, fitofagi oraz fakultatywne pasożyty zewnętrzne, ssące krew ptaków i ssaków, w tym ludzi[2].
Schuh i Štys zaliczyli tu w 1991 roku 6 rodzin[3]:
- Anthocoridae Fieber, 1837 – dziubałkowate
- Cimicidae Latreille, 1802 – pluskwowate
- Lasiochilidae Carayon, 1972
- Lyctocoridae Reuter, 1884
- Plokiophilidae China, 1953
- Polyctenidae Westwood, 1874
Taką systematykę podają także True Bugs of the World[4] i Paraneoptera Species File[5]. W 2006 roku opisano nową, wymarłą rodzinę[6]:
- Vetanthocoridae Yao, Cai et Ren, 2006
Schuh i Štys łączyli Cimicoidea i Naboidea w klad Cimiciformes[3]. Wyniki morfologicznych i molekularnych badań filogenetycznych opublikowane przez Schuha i innych w 2009 wskazują, że Cimicoidea obejmują również Curaliidae i tak zdefiniowane zajmują pozycję siostrzaną dla kladu obejmującego: Nabidae, Joppeicidae, Medocostidae i Velocipedidae. Wszystkie wymienione wraz z Microphysidae autorzy zaliczają do Cimiciformes[7].
Przypisy
- ↑ Wenjing Hou, Yunzhi Yao, Weiting Zhang, Dong Ren. The earliest fossil flower bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha: Cimicoidea: Vetanthocoridae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. „European Journal of Entomology”. 109 (2), s. 281-288, 2012. DOI: 10.14411/eje.2012.036.
- ↑ Michael S. Engel. A stem-group cimicid in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Hemiptera: Cimicoidea). „Alvesia”. 2, s. 233-237, 2008.
- ↑ a b R.T. Schuh, P. Štys. Phylogenetic analysis of cimicomorphan family relationships (Heteroptera). „J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc.”. 99, s. 298–350, 1991.
- ↑ Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): Classification and Natural. Cornell University Press: Comstock Publishing Associates, 1995.
- ↑ Cimicoidea. [w:] Paraneoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0) [on-line]. [dostęp 2014-12-31].
- ↑ Y. Z. Yao, W. Z. Cai, D. Ren. Fossil flower bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha: Cimicoidea) from the Late Jurassic of northeast China, including a new family Vetanthocoridae. „Zootaxa”. 1360, s. 1-40, 2006.
- ↑ Randall T. Schuh, Christiane Weirauch, Ward C. Wheeler. Phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a total-evidence analysis. „Systematic Entomology”. 34 (1), s. 15–48, 2009. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00436.x.
Media użyte na tej stronie
Autor: (of code) -xfi-, Licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0
The Wikispecies logo created by Zephram Stark based on a concept design by Jeremykemp.
ID#: 9822
This 2006 photograph depicted an oblique-dorsal view of a bed bug nymph (Cimex lectularius) as it was in the process of ingesting a blood meal from the arm of a “voluntary” human host.
Bed bugs are not vectors in nature of any known human disease. Although some disease organisms have been recovered from bed bugs under laboratory conditions, none have been shown to be transmitted by bed bugs outside of the laboratory.
The common bed bug is found worldwide. Infestations are common in the developing world, occurring in settings of unsanitary living conditions and severe crowding. In North America and Western Europe, bed bug infestations became rare during the second half of the 20th century and have been viewed as a condition that occurs in travelers returning from developing countries. However, anecdotal reports suggest that bed bugs are increasingly common in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
C. lectularius inject saliva into the blood stream of their host to thin the blood, and to prevent coagulation. It is this saliva that causes the intense itching and welts. The delay in the onset of itching gives the feeding bed bug time to escape into cracks and crevices. In some cases, the itchy bites can develop into painful welts that last several days.
Bed bug bites are difficult to diagnose due to the variability in bite response between people, and due to the change in skin reaction for the same person over time. It is best to collect and identify bed bugs to confirm bites. Bed bugs are responsible for loss of sleep, discomfort, disfiguring from numerous bites and occasionally bites may become infected.Pirate bug (Orius insidiosus [Rhynchota: Anthocoridae]) feeding on white fly nimphs