Federacja
Federacja (łac. foederatio „przymierze”), in. państwo związkowe[1], państwo federalne (ang. federal state) – państwo składające się z części obdarzonych autonomią (stanów, krajów związkowych, prowincji, kantonów lub emiratów), ale posiadających wspólny (federalny) rząd.
Części tworzące federację posiadają zwykle szeroką autonomię wewnętrzną oraz tworzą w niektórych kwestiach własne prawa; wspólna jest waluta oraz polityka zagraniczna i obronna.
Historyczne znaczenie federacji
Federacja w starożytnej Grecji była formą uzależnienia polis. Był to związek polityczny greckich polis z Macedonią, w którym polis musiały całkowicie podporządkować się Filipowi II w polityce zagranicznej, lecz zachowały samodzielność w swojej polityce wewnętrznej.
Cechy federacji
Profesor Konstanty Wojtaszczyk na podstawie powtarzających się rozwiązań stosowanych w państwach federacyjnych i ich właściwości, wyróżnił następujące cechy federacji:
- Terytorium państwa federacyjnego, pod względem polityczno-administracyjnym nie jest jednolitą całością; składa się ono z terytoriów podmiotów federacji, pozbawionych prawa pełnego uczestnictwa w stosunkach międzynarodowych i z reguły niemających prawa secesji.
- Podmioty federacji rozporządzają władzą ustrojodawczą i ustawodawczą, tzn. mają prawo przyjęcia własnej konstytucji i uchwalenia, w ramach podziału kompetencji, ustaw obowiązujących na własnym terytorium. Zgodnie z zasadą subordynacji, akty te powinny być zgodne z ustawodawstwem federacji. Federalne organy ustawodawcze mogą ponadto wydawać specjalne akty prawne dla poszczególnych członków federacji.
- Części składowe federacji mogą mieć własny system prawny i sądowy.
- Istnieje podwójne obywatelstwo: każdy obywatel w większości państw jest obywatelem związku i odpowiedniej części składowej federacji (tak jest w Austrii, Niemczech, Szwajcarii, Stanach Zjednoczonych).
- Parlament związkowy jest przeważnie dwuizbowy; interesy podmiotów federacji reprezentuje izba wyższa. Występują dwie zasady reprezentowania części składowej: zasada równego przedstawicielstwa (na przykład w Stanach Zjednoczonych po dwóch senatorów z każdego z pięćdziesięciu stanów, a w Szwajcarii po dwóch deputowanych z każdego z dwudziestu sześciu kantonów w Radzie Kantonów) oraz zasada przedstawicielstwa zróżnicowanego w zależności od liczby ludności (w Australii, Kanadzie, Niemczech).
- Istnieje podział kompetencji między federację i jej części składowe. Praktyka ustrojowa różnych krajów federacyjnych wskazuje na trojakiego rodzaju rozwiązania w tym zakresie. Są to:
- dualistyczny federalizm (w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Szwajcarii, Meksyku, Brazylii, Australii), gdzie konstytucja państwa związkowego ustanawia sferę wyłącznej kompetencji związku poprzez wskazanie kwestii, w do których tylko władze federalne mogą wydawać akty normatywne; wszystkie pozostałe, niezastrzeżone przez konstytucję, należą do kompetencji podmiotów federacji
- zasada wyłącznej kompetencji związku i sfery tak zwanych konkurencyjnych kompetencji (w Austrii, Niemczech)
- trójczłonowy system rozgraniczania kompetencji, polegający na wyróżnieniu wyłącznych kompetencji związku, wyłącznych kompetencji części składowych związku oraz wspólnych kompetencji władz centralnych i władz podmiotu federacji (w Indiach).
Państwa federacyjne
Zobacz też
Przypisy
- ↑ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk: Encyklopedia ONZ i stosunków międzynarodowych. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo „Wiedza Powszechna”, 1982, s. 161. ISBN 83-214-0092-2.
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"The State Flag is in a rectangular shape and is in the proportion of 1:2. The canton which extends at the head half way to the fly and 2/3 at the hoist to the foot is in Icicle Blue (C1T9) as the background to a graphic silhouette of Mount Kinabalu which is in Royal Blue (B10) positioned at ¼ of the height of the canton from end to end. The fly of the flag is divided equally into three bands of colours the foot division of which extends right to the hoist. The top band is in Zircon Blue (C5T5) the second band is in white and the third band is in Chili Red (S6R4)."Flag of Canton of Basel Country (Basel Landschaft/Bâle Campagne), Switzerland
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About the flag: The flag shown is a proposed flag for Islamabad - the capital of Pakistan. Dr. Tariq S Marwat, 18 September 2004. Founder Chairman - Flag Society of Pakistan. The flag for Islamabad - capital of Pakistan - is primarily based on the National Flag of Pakistan. The diagonal design is to differentiate it from the national flag. The square shape is to make the triangles symmetric. The star and crescent are 'regular' as in the national flag. They look stretched because of my poor drawing skills (sorry for that). The black color is added to give it a distinct look. Black was the color used for the flag at the time of the conquest of Makkah by the prophet of Islam, Muhammad.
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