Granica polsko-siedmiogrodzka

Granica polsko-siedmiogrodzka – granica dzieląca terytoria Królestwa Polskiego i Księstwa Siedmiogrodzkiego istniejąca w latach 1568–1688.

Granica powstała w 1568 roku po włączeniu do Siedmiogrodu graniczących z Polską węgierskich komitatów Ung, Bereh (Bereg) i Maramuresz.

Granica biegła od styku granic Polski, Węgier i Siedmiogrodu w Bieszczadach Wschodnich (na wschód od przełęczy Użockiej) w kierunku południowo-wschodnim grzbietami Gorganów, Czarnohory do styku granic Polski, Siedmiogrodu i Mołdawii – Rozrogi (Krecela 1853 m n.p.m.) w Karpatach Marmaroskich.

Granica istniała do czasu ponownego włączenia komitatów Ung (w 1630 roku), Bereg i Maramuresz (w 1688 roku) do Węgier.

Bibliografia

  • Atlas Ilustrowany Historia Polski. Demart, 2007. ISBN 978-83-7427-303-9.
  • Mapa Ruś Zakarpacka. Warszawa: 1996. ISBN 83-86240-18-0.
Granice Polski
Granice obecne
(od 1993)
Granice PRL (1945–1989)
i nieistniejące III RP (1989–1993)
Granice II RP
(1918–1939)
Granice I RP
(1569–1795)
Inne granice historyczne
Znak granica państwa

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↑↑ Civil flag or Landesfarben of the Habsburg monarchy (1700-1806)
↑↑ Merchant ensign of the Habsburg monarchy (from 1730 to 1750)
↑↑ Flag of the Austrian Empire (1804-1867)
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Contemporary reconstruction. Flag of Moldavia in the 15th-16th centuries. Made after: Seal of en:Alexandru cel Bun (1400-1432) from the National Museum of History of Romania. [1], Image:AlexandruCelBunSeal.png, Image:StefanCelMareSeal.png. The first information regarding the color of the Moldavian flag (including elements) comes from a book of documents published in Krakow in 1533: The grand flag had a red field on which was nicely painted with gold the coat of arms of Moldavia (banderim magnum sericeum, coloris rubri, in quo arma terrae Moldaviae pulhre auro depicta erant).
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Autor: Lobachev Vladimir, Licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0
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Flag of Golden Horde-2-.svg
Autor: Original uploader was Lord Leatherface, Licencja: CC-BY-SA-3.0
The purported flag of the Golden Horde, as shown in the Catalan Atlas (1375).

Based on Early Mongol Flags at crwflags.com:

One of the charges is a crescent and the other looks like a simplified form of the tamga from the flag of Idel Ural. On different copies of the flag, the crescent has different size; it is often smaller than shown here, sometimes even reduced into a simple oblique stroke and conjoined with the other charge into a si[n]gle symmetrical object; the other charge also sometimes lacks the oblique part [2, 3]. It was obviously difficult to draw the charges always the same way. The cities with this flag which are easy to identify are [2, 7, 8]: Sarai, the capital (spelled Sarra) - there is also a depiction of the ruler, "Jani Beg Lord of Sarai" ("Jambech senyor de Sarra"); Tana, present-day Azov, Russia; and Urgench, Uzbekistan (spelled Organci, with a cedilla under the c; nowadays ruined). This flag is a variant of the flag of "Emperor of Sarai" ("Emperador de Sara") from "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos" [7] and might be the one that had really existed, considering the similarity of its charges with those from the flag of Idel Ural.
[2] Enciclopedia universal ilustrada, vol. XXI, Espan~a Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A., 1968
[3] Istorija otkric'a i istraz<ivanja, vol. I: Poc<etak istraz<ivanja; Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, 1979; Original title: A History of Discovery and Exploration, vol. I: The Search Begins;(C) 1973 Aldus Books Limited, London
[7] Libro del Conoscimiento. Viajes medievales, vol. I Madrid: Fundacio'n Jose' Antonio de Castro, 2005 ISBN 84-96452-11-5 (complete edition) ISBN 84-96452-12-3 (vol. I) [e9s50]
[8] A[p]pendices. (Ibid.)
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
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