Kręgi piersiowe

Kręgi piersiowe (łac. vertebrae thoracicae, skrót Th) – kręgi należące do odcinka piersiowego kręgosłupa. Kręgi odcinka piersiowego mają powierzchnie stawowe łączące się z żebrami – dołki żebrowe doczaszkowe i doogonowe na trzonach kręgów oraz dołki żebrowe wyrostka poprzecznego. Na wyrostkach poprzecznych ulokowane są wyrostki suteczkowate. Kręgi tego odcinka charakteryzuje krótki trzon oraz spłaszczone głowy i doły. Związane jest to ze słabą ruchomością tego odcinka kręgosłupa. Wyrostki kolczyste przeważnie są wysokie oraz odchylone w tył[1]. Istnieją również kręgi przeciwpochyłe (vertebra anticlinalis) czy też przeponowe (vertebra diaphragmatica), których wyrostki kolczyste nie są odchylone[1]. U człowieka to kręg XI[2], u owcy i psa X, u kozy i świni XII, u bydła XIII, natomiast u konia XVI[3].

W odróżnieniu od kręgów szyjnych liczba kręgów piersiowych u ssaków jest gatunkowo zmienna. U człowieka jest to 12, u psów, kota, bydła, owca, jelenia szlachetnego (Cervus elaphus)[1] oraz kozy 13, u świni 14–15, natomiast u konia 18[1][3].

U ptaków część kręgów piersiowych może być zrośnięta w notarium, można je odnaleźć wśród 5 rzędów ptaków innych, niż wróblowe (stan wiedzy z 1982)[4], odmiennych w swej ekologii; notarium obecne jest również u niektórych wróblowych. Jest to jeden z trzech zrostów kości spotykanych u ptaków, pozostałymi są: synsakrum i pygostyl. Ptasie kręgi piersiowe mogą być zrośnięte tylko w niewielkim stopniu, np. wyłącznie wyrostkami kolczystymi[5].

Galeria

  • Kręg piersiowy człowieka (widok boczny)

  • Kręg piersiowy człowieka (widok z góry)

  • Kręgi piersiowe człowieka

  • Kręg piersiowy konia. Dołki żebrowe widoczne pod numerem 4.

  • Kręg piersiowy konia z bardzo dobrze rozwiniętym wyrostkiem kolczystym.

  • Kręgi piersiowe kota

Przypisy

  1. ↑ a b c d Simon Hillson: Mammal Bones and Teeth: An Introductory Guide to Methods of Identification. Routledge, 2016, s. 25. ISBN 978-1-315-42500-9.
  2. ↑ Ronald A. Bergman, Adel K. Afifi, & Ryosuke Miyauchi: Peculiar Thoracic Vertebrae. W: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal Systems [on-line]. [dostęp 2018-03-08].
  3. ↑ a b Helena Przespolewska, Henryk Kobryń, Tomasz Szara & Bartłomiej J. Bartyzel: Podstawy anatomii zwierząt domowych. Warszawa: PWN, 2014, s. 12–14. ISBN 978-83-62815-22-7.
  4. ↑ Robert W. Storer. Fused Thoracic Vertebrae in Birds. Their Occurrence and Possible Significance. „Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology”. 14 (2-3), s. 86-95, 1982. 
  5. ↑ James, Helen F.. Repeated Evolution of Fused Thoracic Vertebrae in Songbirds. „The Auk”. 126 (4), s. 862−872, 2009. 
Anatomia człowieka: układ kostny
czaszka
kości mózgoczaszki
kości twarzoczaszki
tułów
kręgosłup
klatka piersiowa
obręcze
obręcz kończyny górnej
obręcz kończyny dolnej
kończyny
górna
dolna

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A thoracic vertebra.
The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management (1906) (14769096961).jpg
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Dorsal vertebra of horse

Identifier: horseitstreatm05axej (find matches)
Title: The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management
Year: 1906 (1900s)
Authors: Axe, J. Wortley
Subjects: Horses
Publisher: London, Gresham Pub. Co.
Contributing Library: NCSU Libraries
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Text Appearing Before Image:
Fig. 2. ATLAS Untero-inferi Fig. 3. AXIS (side view) 1. Superior spinous process. 4. Odontoid process. 2. Intervertebral foramen. 5. Inferior spinous process. 3. Transverse process. 6. Posterior articular face of body. 7. Oblique process.
Text Appearing After Image:
Fig. 4. DORSAL VERTEBRA (front viI. Superior spinous process. 2. Traiisveprocess. 3. Articulation for tubercle of 14 Articulation for head of rib. 5. Anteiarticular face of body. 6. Spinal c.inal.

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The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management (1906) (14749259286).jpg
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Dorsal vertebra of horse, front view

Identifier: horseitstreatm05axej (find matches)
Title: The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management
Year: 1906 (1900s)
Authors: Axe, J. Wortley
Subjects: Horses
Publisher: London, Gresham Pub. Co.
Contributing Library: NCSU Libraries
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erior extremity of the body andpasses into the ring of the atlas which is in frontof it. This bone ditiers from the other cervicalvertebrae, in the large size and strength of itssuperior spinous process, the small size of thetransverse processes, and the presence of onlytwo oblique processes, which are behind. The remaining five cervical vertebrae are dis-tinguished numerically as the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th.and 7th (fig. 283), and although each possessessome minor distinctive feature, it is not neces-sary to dwell upon them here. The Dorsal Vertebrae (fig. 284) present a good deal in common. Some of them, how-ever, are readily distinguishable from the othersby the length of the superior spinous processes.This is especially the case with regard to thefirst eight bones. Of these the length in-crea.ses to the fifth, and then gradually diminishes backward. The Lumbar Vertebrae (fig. 285) are distinguished from those abovedescribed in the much greater length and width of tlieir transverse pro-
Text Appearing After Image:
Fig. 284.- -Dorsal Vertebra (Front\iew) Superior Spinous Process.- Transverse Process. Articula-tion for Tubercle of Rib. •■ Articu-lation for Head of Rib. 5 ..\ntoriorArticular Face of Body. •* SpinalCanal. 181 HKALTH AM) DISEASE cesses, which are directed horizontally outwards. The last two are muchthicker and somewhat shorter than the rest, and are united to each other

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Thoracic vertebra as seen from top.
Anatomy of the cat (1991) (18167456576).jpg
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Title: Anatomy of the cat
Identifier: anatomyofcatrje00reig (find matches)
Year: 1991 (1990s)
Authors: Reighard, Jacob Ellsworth, 1861-1942; Jennings, H. S. (Herbert Spencer), 1868-1947
Subjects: Cats; Mammals
Publisher: (Austin, TX) : BookLab, Inc.
Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library
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THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 5 Differential Characters of the Thoracic Vertebra (Fig. 4). —Following the thoracic vertebrae caudad there is to be seen a gradual increase in the size of the centra brought about by an increase in their craniocaudal and transverse measurements.
Text Appearing After Image:
The dorsoventral measurements remain nearly the same. The costal facets (Fig. 4, c) shift caudad so'that on the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth thoracic vertebra; each lies entirely on the cranial end of its centrum, while the caudal end

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Thoracic vertebrae animation4.gif
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Thoracic vertebrae (shown in red).