Theodore von Kármán
Theodore von Kármán (węg. Szőllőskislaki Kármán Tódor) (ur. 11 maja 1881 w Budapeszcie; zm. 6 maja 1963 w Akwizgranie) jest uważany za pioniera nowoczesnej aerodynamiki i naukowego spojrzenia na lotnictwo.
Życiorys
Pochodził z rodziny żydowskiej; jednym z jego przodków był mistyk Rabbi Jehuda Löw ben Becalel.
Von Kármán studiował inżynierię na Uniwersytecie Technicznym w Budapeszcie, doktoryzował się u Ludwiga Prandtla w Getyndze.
W latach 1911 i 1912 opublikował swoją najbardziej znaną pracę w temacie aerodynamiki opisującą nazwane następnie jego nazwiskiem zjawisko Ścieżki wirów Kármána (ang. Von Kármán vortex street, niem. Kármánsche Wirbelstraße). Zjawisko to powodowało, przy odpowiedniej prędkości wiatru, poprzeczne wahania cienkich kominów prowadzące nawet do ich złamania. Po habilitacji przeniósł się do Akwizgranu by wykładać na Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, na którym przejął instytut aerodynamiki.
Z końcem lat dwudziestych XX wieku rozpoczął intensywną współpracę naukową z USA, jednakże dopiero po przejęciu władzy przez nazistów i po wyrzuceniu go z uniwersytetu przeniósł się na stałe do Ameryki. W USA był jednym z pierwszych pracowników naukowych Jet Propulsion Laboratory w Pasadenie, Kalifornia.
Von Kármán był m.in. konstruktorem pierwszego na świecie samolotu ponaddźwiękowego Bell X-1.
Zmarł w 1963 w czasie pobytu w sanatorium w Akwizgranie.
Jego nazwiskiem została nazwana umowna granica pomiędzy atmosferą Ziemi i przestrzenią kosmiczną przebiegająca na wysokości 100 km, tzw. Linia Kármána.
Literatura
- Michael H. Gorn: The universal man : Théodore von Kármán's life in aeronautics. – Waszyngton: Smithsonian Inst. Pr., 1992. – ISBN 1-56098-165-2
- Kärin Nickelsen (Mitarb.): Theodore von Kármán: Flugzeuge für die Welt und eine Stiftung für Bern. – Bazylea : Birkhäuser, 2004. – ISBN 3-7643-7135-8
Linki zewnętrzne
John J. O'Connor; Edmund F. Robertson: Theodore von Kármán w MacTutor History of Mathematics archive (ang.) [dostęp 2021-10-25].
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Dr. Theodore von Karman, co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Pasadena, California was an aeronautical theoretician. His contributions in the fields of aerodynamics and aeronautical engineering are well documented and well known to every aerospace engineer.
He was the first winner of the prestigious U.S. Medal of Science presented to him by President John F. Kennedy. As well as being co-founder of JPL, he also was principal founder of a major rocket propulsion firm (Aerojet-General Corp.), the top science advisor to the U.S. Air Force during its transition to jet propulsion aircraft and the top science advisor to NATO.
He was, during much of this time, the fountainhead of aerodynamic thought as head of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) in Pasadena, California. In the May 1956 issue of the Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, it was said of him that "No other man has had so great an impact on the development of aeronautical science in this country. Hundreds of young men became his students and scientific collaborators and were inspired to greater effort." Dr. William H. Pickering, then director of JPL said in 1960 "We wouldn't have an aeronautical science as we know it today, if it weren't for Dr. Thoedore von Karman."
Under his guidance, Caltech's 10 foot wind tunnel was designed, built and operated. Industry firms such as Douglas, Northrop, Hughes, Lockheed, North American, Vultee and Consolidated all tested new aeronautical designs and concepts in GALCIT's tunnel. Even Boeing's own high-speed wind tunnel was heavily influenced by suggestions from von Karman.
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) became so concerned about GALCIT's growing influence over West coast aviation, it erected the Ames Laboratory in Sunnyvale, California in part to deter an ever widening aeronautical gap that had formed between NACA and GALCIT. From 1936 to 1940, Caltech stood alone as the only university-based rocket research center. Von Karman gambled his prestige by supporting Frank Malina and H.S. Tsien's work on rocketry. Other institutions of higher learning dismissed such research as 'fantastical' and left such endeavors to visionaries like Robert Goddard.
Foundational theoretical research by Von Karman gave rise to the first successful solid-fuel rocket engine firings. This led to federal funding for studies that lead to a form of aircraft rocket propulsion called Jet Assisted Take-Off or (JATO). Success in this endeavor led to von Karman establishing two more highly regarded institutions; both originally dedicated to rocketry: the Aerojet Engineering Company and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
The last years of his life were spent in Paris, his favorite city. His interest in aeronautical research and contributions to it never waned. He organized in Paris the NATO Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD). Staffed by American and European scientists eager to serve, its many committees investigated such disciplines as propulsion, aerodynamics and electronics. The legacy of his personable leadership and 'soft touch' approach to problem solving was only equalled by his genius.Obverse of the United States National Medal of Science