Wymieranie ordowickie

Intensywność wymierań organizmów morskich na przestrzeni poszczególnych okresów geologicznych: Botomanian – wczesny kambr, Dresbachian – późny kambr, End O – koniec ordowiku, End S – koniec syluru, Late D – górny dewon, Middle C – środkowy karbon, End Middle P – koniec środkowego permu, End P – koniec permu, End Tr – koniec triasu, End J – koniec jury, End K – koniec kredy, End Eocene – koniec eocenu

Wymieranie ordowickie – masowe wymieranie, które miało miejsce około 438 milionów lat temu, pod koniec ordowiku. Wymarło wtedy około 85% gatunków (ponad 100 rodzin). Największe zmiany objęły ramienionogi, mszywioły, trylobity, a także graptolity i konodonty.

Do gwałtownego wymierania ordowickiego mógł się przyczynić wybuch bliskiej supernowej lub rozbłysk gamma, przyjęcie przez Ziemię dużej dawki promieniowania gamma mogło spowodować zniszczenie warstwy ozonowej, prowadzące do unicestwienia wielu organizmów, zaburzenia fotosyntezy[1] oraz zaburzenie łańcucha pokarmowego.

Następstwem lub tylko wynikiem biegunowego dryftu kontynentów mogło być zlodowacenie Gondwany i orogeneza takońska. W stratygrafii z tego okresu obserwowane jest większe stężenie tlenu 18O[2]. Izotop 18O powstaje z 14N i cząstek alfa.

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Explosions in Space May Have Initiated Ancient Extinction on Earth. NASA. [dostęp 2017-10-17].
  2. ↑ Sr, C and O isotope geochemistry of Ordovician brachiopods: a major event around the Middle-Late Ordovician transition. | Mendeley

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Extinction Intensity.png
(c) Dragons flight, CC-BY-SA-3.0

This figure shows the en:genus en:extinction intensity, i.e. the fraction of genera that are present in each interval of time but do not exist in the following interval. The data itself is taken from Rohde & Muller (2005, Supplementary Material), and are based on the Sepkoski's Compendium of Marine Fossil Animal Genera (2002). The yellow line is a cubic polynomial to show the long-term trend. Note that these data do not represent all genera that have ever lived, but rather only a selection of marine genera whose qualities are such that they are easily preserved as fossils.

The "Big Five" en:mass extinctions (Raup & Sepkoski 1982) are labeled in large font, and a variety of other features are labeled in smaller font. The two extinction events occurring in the Cambrian (i.e. en:Dresbachian and en:Botomian) are very large in percentage magnitude, but are not well known because of the relative scarcity of en:fossil producing life at that time (i.e. they are small in absolute numbers of known en:taxa). The en:Middle Permian extinction is now argued by many to constitute a distinct extinction horizon, though the actual extinction amounts are sometimes lumped together with the End Permian extinctions in reporting. As indicated, the "Late Devonian" extinction is actually resolvable into at least three distinct events spread over a period of ~40 million years. As these data are derived at the genus level, one can anticipate that the number of en:species extinctions is a higher percentage than shown here.

Many of the extinction events appear to be somewhat extended in time. In at least some cases this is the result of a paleontological artifact known as the en:Signor-Lipps effect (Signor & Lipps 1982). Briefly, this is the observation that inadequate sampling can cause a taxon to seem to disappear before its actual time of extinction. This has the effect of making an extinction event appear extended even if it occurred quite rapidly. Hence, when estimating the true magnitude of an extinction event it would be common to combine together the events occurring over several preceding bins as long as they also show excess extinctions. This explains why many estimates of the magnitude of an extinction event may be larger than the 20-30% shown as the largest single bin for most of the extinctions shown here.

en:Image:Phanerozoic Biodiversity.png shows total en:Phanerozoic en:biodiversity during the same interval. Note that this is a result of changes in both the rate of extinctions and the rate of new originations. The Dresbachian extinction event in particular is obscured by nearly immediate replacement with new genera.]]