Wali (islam)

Walī (arab. ‏ولي‎, liczba mnoga ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) – arabskie wieloznaczne słowo odnoszące się do różnych pojęć. Słowo oznacza m.in. „opiekuna”, „obrońcę”, „pomocnika”, „przywódcę”, „przyjaciela” czy „świętego”[1][2]. Język turecki zaadaptował to słowo na określenie osoby świętej jako veli[3].

Znaczenie w islamie

Lustrzana kaligrafia arabska autorstwa bektaszyty Ibrāhīma Maḥmūda, przedstawiająca tekst: „a Ali jest wali Boga” (Imperium osmańskie, 1720–1730)

Termin występuje także w Koranie, ولي الله walī allāh, gdzie jest rozumiany jako „ten który posiada władzę od Boga”:

Waszym opiekunem (wali) jest Bóg, Jego Posłaniec i ci, którzy uwierzyli; którzy odprawiają modlitwę, którzy dają jałmużnę, skłaniając się pokornie[4][5].

Sunnici i szyici zgadzają się odnośnie do faktu, iż 55. ajat sury Stół Zastawiony odnosi się do Alego[6]. Abu Dhar al-Ghifari, jeden z najwcześniejszych konwertytów na islam, przekazał hadis Ahmadodwi ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labiemu, sunnickiemu uczonemu i autorowi Tafsir al-Thalabi, iż Ali podczas modłów przekazał swój pierścień żebrakowi, na co prorok Mahomet określił go swoim wali[a][7]. Różnice dotyczą dalszej interpretacji tego wydarzenia. Sunnici uważają, iż hadis i fragment koraniczny nie sankcjonują roli przywódczej Alego, szyici twierdzą zaś, iż hadis i ajat dowodzą prawa imama Alego do sukcesji po śmierci Mahometa[8].

W oparciu o fragment koraniczny i hadisy, w islamie szyickim wyznanie wiary jest czasem uzupełniane o odniesienie do imama Alego:

لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله (lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh)

tzn. „Nie ma boga prócz Boga (jedynego), a Mahomet jest jego Prorokiem...”

وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh)

tzn. „...a Ali jest wali Boga.”

Uwagi

  1. ↑ Sunnicki hadis w wersji angielskiej: One day, I was praying with the Prophet in the mosque when a beggar walked in. No one responded to his pleas. The beggar raised his hands towards the heavens and said, "Allah! Be a witness that I came to the Prophet's mosque and no one gave me anything." Imam Ali (a) was bowing (rukūʾ) during his prayer at that time. He pointed his little finger, on which was a ring, towards the beggar who came forward and took away the ring. The incident occurred in the Prophet's presence, and he raised his face towards heaven and prayed: "O Lord! my brother Musa had begged of Thee to open his breast and to make his work easy for him, to loosen the knot of his tongue so that people might understand him, and to appoint from among his relations his brother, as his wali, and to strengthen his back with Harun and to make Harun his partner in his work. O Allah! Thou said to Musa, 'We will strengthen thy arm with thy brother. No one will now have access to either of you!' O Allah! I am Muhammad and Thou hast given me distinction. Open my breast for me, make my work easy for me, and from my family appoint my brother Ali as my wali. Strengthen my back with him."

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Hans Werh, s. 1289
  2. ↑ Encyklopedia PWN: Wali
  3. ↑ Słownik turecki: Veli
  4. ↑ Koran: Stół Zastawiony - Al-Maida: 55 (pl.)
  5. ↑ Koran: 5:55 (ang.) i (ar.)
  6. ↑ Rizvi, Allamah Sayyid Saeed Akhtar; et al. (2006) [1971], Imamate (The Vicegerency of the Holy Prophet), 8th ed., Dar-es-Salaam: Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania, ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.
  7. ↑ Shomali, Mohammad Ali (2004), "Imamate and Wilayah, Pt. IV" (PDF), Message of Thaqalayn, Vol. 13, No. 1, London: reprinted in 2012 by the Islamic Centre of England.
  8. ↑ Steigerwald, Diana (2008), "Twelver Shīʿī Taʾwīl", The Blackwell Companion to the Qurʾān, Blackwell Companions to Religion, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 375, ISBN 978-1-4051-7844-0.

Media użyte na tej stronie

Mirror Image of 'Ali wali Allah WDL6788.png
This 18th-century Ottoman levha (calligraphic panel) depicts the Shi'a phrase “'Ali is the vicegerent of God” in obverse and reverse, creating an exact mirror image. The calligrapher used the central vertical fold in the thick cream-colored paper to trace the exact calligraphic duplication prior to mounting it on cardboard and pasting rectangular pink frames along its borders. Mirror writing flourished during the early modern period, but its origins may stretch as far back as pre-Islamic mirror-image rock inscriptions in the Hijaz, the western strip of the Arabian Peninsula. Engraving in reverse for the manufacture of coins and seals also was mastered at an early date. Mirror writing and mirror-image making flourished in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries, in particular in mystical quarters associated with the Bektashi order. The Bektashis created calligraphic panels and paintings reflective of their tenets, which included belief in the divinity of 'Ali, the fourth caliph of Islam and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. As suggested by this panel, God and 'Ali are not dissociable. The panel probably was hung on a wall in a Bektashi dervish’s living quarters, mosque, or dervish lodge. This specimen includes the artist’s holograph seal, a square impression overlapping the central vertical crease, bearing the name of Mahmud Ibrahim, whose work appears in another levha bearing the dates A.H. 1134 (A.D. 1721–2) and 1141 (1728), suggesting that this panel, by the same artist, probably dates from around 1720–30.
Arabic calligraphy; Illuminations; Islamic calligraphy; Islamic manuscripts; Mirror images